Hardly anything in psychology is as irking as the trait concept.

Author: Shulamith Kreitler

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9781489922274

Category: Psychology

Page: 405

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Hardly anything in psychology is as irking as the trait concept. Psychologists and laypersons alike use primarily adjective trait-names to characterize and even concep tualize the individuals they encounter. There are more than a hundred well-defined personality traits and a great many questionnaires for their assessment, some of which are designed to assess the same or very similar traits. Little is known about their ontogenetic development and even less about their underlying dynamics. Psy choanalytic theory was invoked for explaining the psychodynamics underlying a few personality traits without, however, presenting sufficient empirical evidence for the validity of these interpretations. In a reductionistic vein, behaviorally inclined psy chologists have propounded the thesis that all traits are acquired behaviors. Yet, this view neither reduces the number of personality tests nor explains the resistance of traits to modification by means of reward and punishment. Dissatisfied with these and some other less well-known approaches to person ality traits, we decided to explore whether applying our psychosemantic theory of cognition to the trait concept would do better. The way we had to follow was anything but easy.

... particular types of nervous system, particular types of personality, and particular cognitive characteristics. ... factors themselves, but rather to the consequent reduction in levels of self-esteem, a cognitive/personality factor.

Author: Chris R. Brewin

Publisher: Psychology Press

ISBN: 9781317932451

Category: Psychology

Page: 214

View: 114

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Originally published in 1988, this was the first textbook to review and integrate the cognitive theories underlying the practice of modern clinical psychology. Written in a clear and readable way, it uses many clinical examples to relate the theories to what therapists actually do. It describes the strengths and weaknesses of the theories and develops a common framework drawn from research in social and cognitive psychology to explain the mechanisms of behavioural and cognitive therapy. Among the topics covered are the validity of self-reports; experimental investigations of nonconscious processes; cognitive theories of conditioning; the relation between cognition and emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression; self-esteem and the development of self-schema; self-efficacy; explanation and causal attribution; personal values and goals; self-regulation and the techniques of cognitive therapy. This textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses in clinical and abnormal psychology. Its practical focus will also make it of particular interest to practising clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals.

Thus, a second function of the meaning system is to provide the cognitive foundations for personality traits. Other studies showed the involvement of the meaning system in further domains, such as defense mechanisms (S.Kreitler ...

Author: Jefferson A. Singer

Publisher: Psychology Press

ISBN: 9781135684839

Category: Psychology

Page: 366

View: 398

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This book provides a state-of-the-art look at the study of consciousness, which is in the midst of a great renaissance. While honoring Jerome Singer's impressive career, it demonstrates the broad and integrative influence the study of consciousness has across a variety of subdisciplines of psychology--experimental, personality, developmental, social, and clinical. The contributors are pioneers in the study of consciousness and contemporary researchers. This volume is a landmark statement about psychology's understanding of the role of consciousness in affective and cognitive processes, the development of imagination in children, and its application to the practice of psychotherapy.

The cognitive foundations of personality traits . New York : Plenum . . ( 1990b ) . Psychosemantic foundations of creativity . In K. J. Gilhooly , M. Keane , R. Logie , and G. Erdos ( Eds . ) , Lines of thought : Reflections on the ...

Author: Serge P. Shohov

Publisher: Nova Publishers

ISBN: 1594540799

Category: Behaviorism (Psychology)

Page: 290

View: 834

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Presents original research results on the leading edge of psychology. Each chapter has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial advances across a broad spectrum.

The theory of cognitive orientation: Widening the scope of behavior prediction. In B. Maher & W. B. Maher (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 11. pp. 101-169). ... The cognitive foundations of personality traits.

Author: Uwe Hentschel

Publisher: Elsevier

ISBN: 0080477070

Category: Psychology

Page: 664

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The book is focused on defense mechanisms as theoretical constructs as well as the possibilities of their empirical registration by different methods, and the application of these constructs in different fields of psychology with special regard to concurrent and predictive validity. It is argued that defense mechanisms are in many ways to be seen as integrative constructs, not necessarily restricted to psychoanalytic theory and that the potential fields of their application have a wide ranging scope, comprising many fields of psychology. Consequently empirical studies are presented from the fields of clinical and personality psychology, psychotherapy research and psychosomatic phenomena and diseases. Methodological questions have a heavy weight in most of these studies. Provides coverage of relevant literature Covers different fields of application Attempts an integration of the contstruct of defense mechanisms into mainstream psychology Provides explanations of the theoretical basis of the construct of defense mechanisms

Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 670-683). ... Kreitler, S. & Chemerinski, A. (1988) The cognitive orientation of obesity. ... Kreitler, S. & Kreitler, H. (1990a) The cognitive foundations of personality traits.

Author: Uwe Hentschel

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9781461383031

Category: Psychology

Page: 439

View: 197

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What is the scientific status and the "truth value" of the concept of defense mechanisms? Among contemporary psychologists, three types of answers to this question may be expected. Some would wholeheartedly endorse the theoretical, clinical, and research value of this notion; others would reject it outright. Between these two extremes, a large number of observers, perhaps the majority, would suspend their judgment. Their attitude, compounded of hope and doubt, would capitalize on defense as an interesting and promising concept. At the same time, these psy chologists would express skepticism and disappointment over its clinical limitations, theoretical ambiguity, and research failures. The present volume is primarily addressed to the audience of hopeful skeptics-those who have not given up on the notion of defense, yet have been frustrated by the difficulties of incorporating it into the modern, streamlined structure of psychology. To this end, we have brought together theoretical and empirical contributions germane to defense together with reports about their applications to clinical and personality assessment, especially in relation to psychopathology, psychosomatics, and psycho therapeutic intervention.

The cognitive foundations of personality traits. New York: Plenum Press. Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing.” Psychological Review, 103, 263–283.

Author: Mark R. Leary

Publisher: Guilford Publications

ISBN: 9781462514892

Category: Psychology

Page: 624

View: 302

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How do individual differences interact with situational factors to shape social behavior? Are people with certain traits more likely to form lasting marriages; experience test-taking anxiety; break the law; feel optimistic about the future? This handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative examination of the full range of personality variables associated with interpersonal judgment, behavior, and emotion. The contributors are acknowledged experts who have conducted influential research on the constructs they address. Chapters discuss how each personality attribute is conceptualized and assessed, review the strengths and limitations of available measures (including child and adolescent measures, when available), present important findings related to social behavior, and identify directions for future study.

Appreciation is extended to the University of Illinois Social Cognition Group for stimulation and criticisms of many of the ideas ... Cognitive processes in person perception: Retrieval of personality trait and behavioral information.

Author: Dean E. Hewes

Publisher: Routledge

ISBN: 9781135435332

Category: Language Arts & Disciplines

Page: 304

View: 418

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Our interpretations of the world we live in, and the people and institutions that comprise it, are acquired through complex interactions among what we believe to be true, what the world is, and/or what others think it is. Understanding those complex interactions is one of the most important goals of the social sciences. Of the many disciplines that have contributed to that understanding, two take center stage in this book -- psychology and communication. This volume's purpose is to reconnect the partially isolated environments of social psychology and communication. To do so, it utilizes four building blocks: * the cognitive foundations of interpersonal communication as it might be studied from a social psychological perspective * insiders' views of interpersonal communication from a cognitive psychological standpoint * insiders' approaches to interpersonal communication from an AI perspective * a critique of the cognitive enterprise that reflects the strong philosophical grounding of communication. Overall, the chapters typify some of the most interesting cognitive work done in the study of interpersonal communication. As such, the book should promote productive dialogue across disciplinary boundaries and stimulate further work within the field of interpersonal communication.

In B. Maher & W.B. Maher(Eds.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 11, pp. 101–169). ... Types of curiosity behaviors and their cognitive determinants. ... The cognitive foundations of personality traits.

Author: Heidi Keller

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9783642771323

Category: Psychology

Page: 350

View: 916

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Exploration and play behaviour form the subject of this book, in which a wide range of research activities, both theoretical and practical, are presented from various fields. In particular, the emphasis on applications (for example, in the development of software) demonstrates the integrated approach to basic and applied research. The authors come from many different countries and represent various theoretical approaches, enabling the reader to acquire an up-to-date overview of the field and thus form an opinion of his/her own regarding this field of research.

Chichester, England: Wiley. 1990a. Vol. 2, pp. 191-201. Kreitler, S. and Kreitler, H. The Cognitive Foundations of Personality. Traits. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1990b. Kreitler, S. The cognitive guidance of behavior.

Author: Paul Rodgers

Publisher: CRC Press

ISBN: 9780203088531

Category: Technology & Engineering

Page: 772

View: 811

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This book presents over 100 papers from the 3rd Engineering & Product Design Education International Conference dedicated to the subject of exploring novel approaches in product design education. The theme of the book is "Crossing Design Boundaries" which reflects the editors’ wish to incorporate many of the disciplines associated with, and integral to, modern product design and development pursuits. Crossing Design Boundaries covers, for example, the conjunction of anthropology and design, the psychology of design products, the application of soft computing in wearable products, and the utilisation of new media and design and how these can be best exploited within the current product design arena. The book includes discussions concerning product design education and the cross-over into other well established design disciplines such as interaction design, jewellery design, furniture design, and exhibition design which have been somewhat under represented in recent years. The book comprises a number of sections containing papers which cover highly topical and relevant issues including Design Curriculum Development, Interdisciplinarity, Design Collaboration and Team Working, Philosophies of Design Education, Design Knowledge, New Materials and New Technologies in Design, Design Communication, Industrial Collaborations and Working with Industry, Teaching and Learning Tools, and Design Theory.